Although we might shudder at the thought of billions of bacteria living in our lower intestine,
we are colonized by these passengers shortly after birth. However, the relationship is mostly …

Throughout evolution, both helminths and bacteria have inhabited our intestines. As
intestinal helminths and bacteria inhabit the same environmental niche, it is likely that these …

Intestinal helminths are potent regulators of their host's immune system and can ameliorate
inflammatory diseases such as allergic asthma. In the present study we have assessed …

Metabolites from intestinal microbiota are key determinants of host-microbe mutualism and,
consequently, the health or disease of the intestinal tract. However, whether such host-…

Rationale: The incidence of allergic disorders is increasing in developed countries and has
been associated with reduced exposure to microbes and alterations in the commensal …

Autoimmune diabetes mellitus in humans is characterized by immunological destruction of
pancreatic beta islet cells. We investigated the circumstances under which CD8 + T cells …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) regulate inflammation, tissue repair and metabolic
homeostasis 1 , and are activated by host-derived cytokines and alarmins 1 . Discrete subsets …

Immunological functions of mast cells remain poorly understood. Studies in Kit mutant mice
suggest key roles for mast cells in certain antibody- and T cell-mediated autoimmune …

More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with hepatitis B virus or
hepatitis C virus 1 . Although both viruses are poorly cytopathic, persistence of either virus …

CD4 + T cells are considered to be the major controlling element of the adaptive immune
response. They recognize foreign peptides by interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with …