Background: The pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disease involves the release of
cytokines from keratinocytes, and one of these, IL-1β, has been previously implicated in …

In the present study, we investigated the effect of ginseng extract (KRG) and total saponins (GTS)
on microglial activation. KRG and GTS inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS, MMP…

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial and involves immunological, environmental
and genetic factors. Although there are no animal models that effectively mimic human IBD…

Clarification of the key regulatory steps that lead to nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) under
cellular and pathological conditions is very important. The action of p38 mitogen-activated …

Mer signaling participates in a novel inhibitory pathway in TLR activation. The purpose of
the present study was to examine the role of Mer signaling in the down-regulation of TLR4 …

Allergic asthma is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils, elevated Th2 cytokine levels,
airway hyperresponsiveness, and IgE. In addition to eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils, a …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide,
accounting for most cases of dementia in elderly individuals, and effective therapies are still …

Ginsenoside Rh3 is a bacterial metabolite of Rg5, which is the main constituent of heat-processed
ginseng. The present study was undertaken to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of …

Background Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s
disease (PD). Thus, the development of agents that can control neuroinflammation has been …

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in normal brain development and
synaptic plasticity, although aberrant expression of MMPs leads to brain damage, including …