Here we review how immune activation and insulin resistance contribute to the metabolic
alterations observed in HIV-infected patients, and how these alterations increase the risk of …

Overnutrition caused by overeating is associated with insulin and leptin resistance through
IKKβ activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hypothalamus. Here we show …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by subclinical inflammatory process. Changes
in composition or modulation of the gut microbiota may play an important role in the obesity-…

OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with a chronic
systemic low-grade inflammation, and Toll–like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the …

Objective It has become clear that exercise may be a useful therapy in the insulin resistance
treatment, as it has anti‐inflammatory effects and improves insulin sensitivity. However, it …

Hypothalamic inflammation is a common feature of experimental obesity. Dietary fats are
important triggers of this process, inducing the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling …

Metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with obesity and
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aggressive form of a fatty liver disease may …

Metformin is the most prescribed drug for DM2, but its site and mechanism of action are still
not well established. Here, we investigated the effects of metformin on basolateral intestinal …

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether oral supplementation with l-glutamine
(GLN) modifies the gut microbiota composition in overweight and obese adults. Methods …

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that S-nitrosation of proteins plays a critical role
in several human diseases. Here, we explored the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (…