The immune system has evolved to respond not only to pathogens, but also to signals released
from dying cells. Cell death through necrosis induces inflammation, whereas apoptotic …

Upon encounter with specific antigen, naïve T helper precursor (THP) cells become activated.
This event is regulated not only by engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide …

The transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB are required for the
expression of many genes involved in the innate immune response. Viral infection, or the …

Although the role of Toll-like receptors in extracellular bacterial sensing has been investigated
intensively, intracellular detection of bacteria through Nod molecules remains largely …

Activation of naive CD4 + T-helper cells results in the development of at least two distinct
effector populations, Th1 and Th2 cells 1 , 2 , 3 . Th1 cells produce cytokines (interferon (IFN)-γ, …

Increased concentrations of DNA-containing immune complexes in the serum are associated
with systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9…

Epithelial cells can respond to conserved bacterial products that are internalized after either
bacterial invasion or liposome treatment of cells. We report here that the noninvasive Gram-…

Mutations in the NALP3/CIAS1/cryopyrin gene are linked to three autoinflammatory disorders:
Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and chronic infantile …

Contrary to the proinflammatory role of mast cells in allergic disorders, the results obtained
in this study establish that mast cells are essential in CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T (T …

Although T helper (T H ) cell–mediated immunity is required to effectively eliminate
pathogens, unrestrained T H activity also contributes to tissue injury in many inflammatory and …