CO carbon monoxide COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 DALYs disability-adjusted life years ETS environmental tobacco smoke FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s FVC forced vital capacity GP general practitioner HIC high-income country Ig immunoglobulin ILD interstitial lung disease IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis LIC low-income country LMIC low- and middle-income country MIC middle-income country NO nitric oxide NOx oxides of nitrogen NO2 nitrogen dioxide O3 ozone PM particulate matter SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SDG sustainable development goal SO2 sulfur dioxide TB tuberculosis TRAP traffic-related air pollution VOC volatile organic compound WHO World Health Organization List of abbreviations