AA atrial arrhythmias AF atrial fibrillation AFL atrial flutter AHI apnoea–hypopnoea index BMI body mass index BP blood pressure CAC coronary artery calcification CAD coronary artery disease CHF chronic heart failure CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CVD cardiovascular disease CVE cardiovascular event DLCO diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s FVC forced vital capacity HF heart failure ICS inhaled corticosteroid IHD ischaemic heart disease IL interleukin ILD interstitial lung disease IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis MACE major adverse cardiac event mPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure OSA obstructive sleep apnoea PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension PAP pulmonary arterial pressure PH pulmonary hypertension RHC right heart catheterisation TNF tumour necrosis factor VEGF vascular-endothelial growth factor List of abbreviations