ADA adenosine deaminase CT computed tomography IPC indwelling pleural catheter LDH lactate dehydrogenase MPE malignant pleural effusion MPM malignant pleural mesothelioma NEL nonexpandable lung NMPE nonmalignant pleural effusion PET positron emission tomography PSP primary spontaneous pneumothorax RCT randomised control trial SSP secondary spontaneous pneumothorax TB tuberculosis TGF transforming growth factor TUS thoracic ultrasound VATS video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery List of abbreviations